Inside the Secret Network Smuggling Starlink Tech to Iran Amid Internet Blackout

For over two months, Iran has been engulfed in one of the longest internet blackouts in recent history, imposed by the government following US and Israeli airstrikes. In response, a covert network has emerged, smuggling Starlink satellite internet devices into the country to bypass the regime’s digital censorship.

This underground operation is critical because it enables Iranians to access independent information and communicate with the outside world despite harsh penalties and government crackdowns. The struggle highlights the ongoing battle for freedom of expression under an increasingly repressive regime.

The Digital Blackout: A Nation Cut Off

Since late February, Iran has been in near-total digital darkness following airstrikes by the US and Israel. The government justifies the shutdown as a security measure to prevent espionage and cyber-attacks during a time of conflict. However, this blackout severely restricts access to independent news and communication, leaving Iranians reliant on state-controlled media.

Prior to this, Iran had already experienced partial internet shutdowns during deadly protests in January, where thousands were killed or arrested. The regime’s tight grip on information flow aims to suppress dissent and control the narrative both domestically and internationally.

Starlink: A Lifeline Smuggled Across Borders

Starlink terminals, small satellite internet devices developed by Elon Musk’s SpaceX, have become a vital tool for Iranians seeking uncensored internet access. These devices connect directly to satellites, bypassing Iran’s heavily monitored domestic internet infrastructure.

Sahand, an Iranian involved in smuggling these terminals, explains that the operation is complex and risky. Since January, he has helped send a dozen devices into Iran, with plans to increase shipments. Each terminal can support multiple users, providing a crucial window to the outside world.

• Starlink devices are illegal in Iran, punishable by up to 10 years in prison for large-scale distribution.
• Despite this, an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 terminals are believed to be in use across the country.
• A Persian-language Telegram channel, NasNet, has reportedly sold around 5,000 terminals over two and a half years.
• Users are advised to combine Starlink with VPNs to avoid detection, though many cannot afford this added security.

The Human Cost and Risks Involved

The Iranian government has cracked down harshly on Starlink users and sellers, arresting dozens and accusing some of espionage. Sahand fears for his family and contacts inside Iran, knowing the regime’s brutal tactics during shutdowns.

"The Iranian regime has proven that during a shutdown, they can kill. It is super crucial for Iranians to be able to portray the real picture of the situation on the ground."—Sahand, Starlink smuggler

Despite the risks, volunteers like Sahand continue their efforts, funded by Iranians abroad and supporters who want to help those inside the country access uncensored information and share their stories globally.

The Broader Impact and Future Outlook

Iran’s internet blackout has not only stifled free expression but also severely damaged the economy, costing billions daily. The government has introduced limited internet access schemes for businesses but maintains strict control over public connectivity.

Digital rights advocates warn that internet shutdowns are becoming a global trend, threatening human rights worldwide. In Iran, the blackout allows the regime to control the narrative, silencing victims and activists while portraying protesters as foreign agents.

"Communications blackouts are a clear violation of human rights and they can never be justified. They are becoming a new norm worldwide."—Marwa Fatafta, Access Now

As the crackdown intensifies, the clandestine Starlink network symbolizes a digital resistance, offering hope that even a single person gaining internet access is a victory in the fight for freedom and truth in Iran.